📘 PAPER 2: OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON (MCA547) UNIT -1 Object Oriented Programming & Python Basics (university of allahabad)

 

🔴 UNIT 1 Object Oriented Programming & Python Basics

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1️⃣ Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

✅ What is OOP?

Object-Oriented Programming is a programming approach that organizes software using objects and classes instead of functions and logic.

✅ Objective of OOP

• Code reusability

• Data security

• Easy maintenance

• Real-world modeling

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2️⃣ Basic Concepts of OOP

🔹 1. Object

An object is a real-world entity that has:

• Properties (data)

• Behavior (methods)

📌 Example:

car = Car()

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🔹 2. Class

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

📌 Example:

class Car:
    def start(self):
        print("Car started")

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🔹 3. Encapsulation

Wrapping data and methods together.

✔ Data hiding
✔ Security

Example:

class Student:
    def __init__(self):
        self.__marks = 90

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🔹 4. Abstraction

Showing only essential details and hiding internal implementation.

✔ Achieved using abstract classes

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🔹 5. Inheritance

One class acquires properties of another.

class Child(Parent):
    pass

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🔹 6. Polymorphism

Same function behaves differently.

Example:

print(len("Hello"))
print(len([1,2,3]))

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3️⃣ Benefits of OOP

✔ Code reusability
✔ Modularity
✔ Easy debugging
✔ Security
✔ Real-world modeling

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4️⃣ Applications of OOP

• Software development

• Web applications

• Game development

• AI & ML

• Mobile apps

• GUI applications

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5️⃣ Algorithms and Programming

✅ Algorithm

A finite set of steps to solve a problem.

Characteristics:

• Finite

• Unambiguous

• Effective

• Input & Output defined

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6️⃣ Introduction to Python

✅ Features of Python

• Easy syntax

• Interpreted language

• Platform independent

• Object-oriented

• Large standard library

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7️⃣ Structure of Python Program

# Comment
print("Hello World")

Components:

1. Comments

2. Statements

3. Indentation

4. Functions

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8️⃣ Variables in Python

Definition:

A variable is a container to store data.

x = 10
name = "Python"

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9️⃣ Data Types in Python

Built-in Data Types

Type	Example
int	10
float	10.5
str	"Hello"
bool	True
list	[1,2,3]
tuple	(1,2)
set	{1,2}
dict	{"a":1}

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🔟 Operators in Python

Types of Operators:

1. Arithmetic (+, -, *, /)

2. Relational (>, <, ==)

3. Logical (and, or, not)

4. Assignment (=, +=)

5. Bitwise (&, |)

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1️⃣1️⃣ Control Flow in Python

🔹 Conditional Statements

if a > b:
    print("A is greater")
else:
    print("B is greater")

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🔹 Looping Statements

For Loop

for i in range(5):
    print(i)

While Loop

i = 0
while i < 5:
    print(i)
    i += 1