Study Material

  Lesson 1: The Problem with Files (and why we need a DBMS) Imagine you own a small online store. Initially, you might manage your business using spreadsheets, just like a regular file system. You'd have: Customers.xlsx (with customer names, addresses) Products.xlsx (with product names, prices) Orders.xlsx (with who ordered what, and the customer's shipping address) This works for a while, but as your store grows, you'll run into some major headaches. 🤯 Problem 1: Data Redundancy (Duplication) Notice that the customer's shipping address is in Customers.xlsx AND in Orders.xlsx . You're storing the same piece of information in multiple places. This is data redundancy . It wastes space and leads to the next big problem. Problem 2: Data Inconsistency A customer, Rohan, moves to a new house. He emails you his new address. You update his address in your main Customers.xlsx file, but you forget to update it in the Orders.xlsx file for a recent order he placed. Now ...

Part 1: Structure and Properties of an Algorithm 1. What is an Algorithm? An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions to solve a specific problem. Example: If you want to make tea: Boil water. Add tea leaves. Add sugar. Add milk. Stir and serve. That’s an algorithm — but in cooking terms. Properties of a Good Algorithm Definiteness → Every step must be clear and unambiguous. Finiteness → Must end after a finite number of steps. Input → Takes zero or more inputs. Output → Produces at least one output. Effectiveness → Steps are basic enough to be done by hand or by computer. Example in Computing: Problem: Find the largest of two numbers A and B. Algorithm: Start. Input A and B. If A > B, print A. Else, print B. Stop. 📍 Flowcharts A flowchart is a graphical representation of an algorithm, using different shapes to represent different actions. Common Flowchart Symbols Symbol Meaning ⭕ Oval Start / End ⬜ R...

 PAPER 1: PROGRAMMING IN ‘C’ WITH DATA STRUCTURES (MCA540)  Unit 1 : Algorithm development and C language Programming: Structure and properties of algorithm,   Flowchart, Introduction to C, Compilation & execution of C programs, , Data types & sizes, Declaration of variables, Modifiers, Identifiers & keywords, Symbolic constants, Operators: Unary operators, Arithmetic & Logical operators, Bit-wise operators, Assignment operators and expressions, Conditional expressions, Precedence & associativity, order of evaluation. Control statements: If-else, Switch, Break, Continue, Go-to statement; Loops: For, While, Do-while.  Unit 2: Functions and Arrays: Functions: Built-in & User-defined, Function declaration, Definition &function call, Parameter passing: Call by value, Call by reference, Recursive functions. Linear arrays, Multi-dimensional arrays, passing arrays to functions, Arrays & Strings; Storage classes: Automatic, External, Regi...

Subject Topic Focus 🧠 Reasoning Syllogism + Venn Diagrams Concept + Visual Logic 📐 Quant Percentage Basics + Simple Word Problems Application 📖 English Active-Passive Voice + Spot the Error Grammar 🌏 GK Indian History – Ancient to Medieval Static GK 🧠 1. Reasoning – Syllogism + Venn Diagrams 🔍 Syllogism Basics: Syllogisms are logical statements like: All A are B Some B are C No A is C Trick: Use diagrams (circles) to visualize. Statements: All pens are books. Some books are tables. → Conclusions: a) Some pens are tables b) All books are pens ✅ Venn Diagram: Useful when multiple categories are involved. For example: Students who like Maths, Science, both, or neither. 🎯 Try These: Statements: All apples are fruits. No fruit is vegetable. → Conclusion: a) No apple is vegetable b) Some fruits are apples Draw Venn diagram: People who speak Hindi, English, both 📌 Try answering + sketch basic diagram if possible. 📐 2. Quant – Perc...

Subject Topic Focus Type 🧠 Reasoning Blood Relations + Direction Sense Concept + Practice 📐 Quant Simplification & BODMAS Speed + Accuracy 📖 English Cloze Test + One Word Substitution Comprehension 🌏 GK Indian Geography (Basics) Static + Map 🧠 1. Reasoning – Blood Relations + Direction 🔍 Blood Relations Basics: Mother’s brother = Uncle Father’s sister = Aunt Sister’s son = Nephew My father’s only son = Me Trick: Build a family tree! 🔍 Direction Sense: North ↑ South ↓ East → West ← Right turn from North = East Left turn from East = North 🎯 Practice (Try These): A is the son of B. B is the brother of C. C is the father of D. How is A related to D? Ram walks 5 km North, then turns right and walks 3 km. Then he turns right again and walks 5 km. Where is he now from starting point? Point A is to the West of B. Point C is to the South of B. In which direction is A with respect to C? 📌 Reply with your answers — I’ll walk you through th...

 ⏱️ Total Study Time: 6–8 hours Subject Topic 🧠 Reasoning Alphabet Series + Coding-Decoding 📐 Quant HCF, LCM Tricks + Application 📖 English Synonyms/Antonyms + Sentence Correction 🌏 GK Fundamental Rights + Static GK 🧠 1. Reasoning – Alphabet Series + Coding-Decoding ✅ Alphabet Series A=1, B=2, ..., Z=26 Understand forward & backward movement Practice patterns like: A, C, E, G, ?, ? Z, X, V, T, ? ✅ Coding-Decoding Basics Example: If CAT = DBU , then code logic is +1 for each letter. So, DOG = ? → EPH 🎯 Practice Now: A, C, F, J, O, ? If TABLE = UBCMF, then CHAIR = ? If MANGO = NZOHQ, what is the code for GRAPE? 📌 Try and send your answers — I’ll explain them. 📐 2. Quant – HCF & LCM ✅ Concepts: HCF : Highest number that divides both LCM : Smallest common multiple Formula: HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers 🎯 Practice: HCF of 60 and 48? LCM of 15, 20? If HCF = 6 and LCM = 120, what are possible numb...