abstract class
■ *Abstract class*
• A class which is declared with 'abstract' keyword are abstract class.
• An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated directly.
• It serves as a base class for other classes.
• Abstract classes are used to provide a common definition of a base class that multiple derived classes can share.
• Abstract class can have both abstract and non-abstract methods.
• An abstract class can also have non-abstract methods with method body(implementation) that can be inherited by derived classes.
• Abstract classes can have constructors and fields. However, they are not intended to be instantiated directly.
• An abstract class must be inherited by a derived class, and all its abstract methods must be implemented by the derived class.
➤ Abstract methods
• abstract methods are are methods without an method body (implementation) .
• Derived classes(non-abstract class) must provide an implementation for these methods otherwise there will be compilation error.
• A derived class must provide implementations for all abstract methods in the base class other wisely there will be compile time error.
• Abstract methods cannot be static.
*Example* :-
public abstract class Animal
{
public abstract void MakeSound();
public abstract void Eat();
}
public class Dog : Animal
{
public override void MakeSound()
{
Console.WriteLine("Woof!");
}
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog is eating.");
}
}
public class Cat : Animal
{
public override void MakeSound()
{
Console.WriteLine("Meow!");
}
public override void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Cat is eating.");
}
}
■ *Interface*
• Interface is a contract that defines a set of methods and properties that the implementing class must provide.
• Interfaces specify what a class must do and not how.
• interface include only the signatures of method (i.e. their names, return types, and parameters),not their implementation. Interface cannot have methods with implementation(body).
• A class that implements an interface must provide implementations for all the inherited methods or members otherwise there will be compilation error .
• Interfaces can’t have private members.
• interface cannot have constructors.
• By default, all members of an interface are public and abstract(but we can use other modifiers) , so the implementing methods in the derived class must be declared as public.
• Interface cannot contain fields because they represent a particular implementation of data.
• interface cannot contain static methods.
• Interfaces can inherit from other interfaces, and interface can inherit more than one interface
• interface helps to achieve multiple inheritance
• Interfaces promote loose coupling
➤ Real life example
Imagine you’re designing a system for different types of devices in a smart home. These devices might include lights, thermostats, and door locks. All these devices have some common actions but might also have device-specific actions
➤ Example
public interface IAnimal
{
void MakeSound();
void Eat();
}
public interface IMovable
{
void Move();
}
public class Dog : IAnimal, IMovable
{
public void MakeSound()
{
Console.WriteLine("Woof!");
}
public void Eat()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog is eating.");
}
public void Move()
{
Console.WriteLine("Dog is running.");
}
}
public class Program
{
public static void Main()
{
IAnimal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.MakeSound(); // Output: Woof!
myDog.Eat(); // Output: Dog is eating.
IMovable movableDog = (IMovable)myDog;
movableDog.Move(); // Output: Dog is running.
}
}
-------------------------------------
*➤ Difference between Interface and Abstract class*
Interface
Vs
Abstract class
1) Methods
➔ Methods in an interface are always abstract and do not have implementations.
➔ Can contain both abstract methods (without implementation) and concrete methods (with implementation).
2) Properties
➔ Properties in interfaces are declared without any implementation or backing fields.
➔Can include properties with or without implementations.
3) Fields
➔ Interface Cannot contain fields. Only method, property, event, and indexer declarations are allowed.
➔ Can contain fields, which can be used to store state or data relevant to the class.
4) Constructors
➔ Interface Cannot contain constructors. Interfaces do not define object creation.
➔Abstract class Can have constructors that can be called by derived classes.
5) Inheritance
➔ A class or struct can implement multiple interfaces.
➔ A class can inherit from only one abstract class due to single inheritance.
6) Multiple Inheritance
➔ Interface Supports multiple inheritance.
➔ Abstract class does not supports multiple inheritance. It only supports single inheritance.
7)
➔ Interface can inherit more than one interface
➔ Abstract class cannot inherit more than one abstract class
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